This is a practical guide to Surface Science for researchers working in the Construction Industry.
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Concrete is the most widely used material in the global construction industry. It is cost-effective, offers high compressive strength, is durable, has a relatively simple production process, and requires minimal maintenance. Despite these advantages, concrete has a hydrophilic, porous structure that can pose challenges during construction. One major issue is the corrosion of steel reinforcement due to concrete’s water absorption, which reduces the lifespan of concrete structures. Additionally, there is a growing demand for intelligent, resilient, and sustainable buildings and infrastructures that focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To meet these demands, new concrete materials such as low carbon footprint cement, self-compacting concrete, self-healing and self-sensing concrete, and superhydrophobic cementitious materials with self-cleaning capabilities have been developed. Modifying surface properties plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of traditional concrete and in creating this new class of advanced materials.
We use the following surface properties to understand the behavior of Construction products and improve their quality.
Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer.
Joven – Método Laplace
Método polinómico
Ideally, when we place a drop on a solid surface, a unique angle exists between the liquid and the solid surface. We can calculate the value of this ideal contact angle (the so-called Young’s contact angle) using Young’s equation. In practice, due to surface geometry, roughness, heterogeneity, contamination, and deformation, the contact angle value on a surface is not necessarily a single consistent value but rather falls within a range. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as the advancing and receding contact angles, respectively. The values of advancing and receding contact angles for a solid surface are highly sensitive to many parameters, such as temperature, humidity, homogeneity, and minor contamination of the surface and liquid. For example, the advancing and receding contact angles of a surface can differ at different locations.
Las superficies y los recubrimientos prácticos muestran naturalmente histéresis de ángulo de contacto, lo que indica un rango de valores de equilibrio. Cuando medimos ángulos de contacto estáticos, obtenemos un solo valor dentro de este rango. Confiar únicamente en mediciones estáticas plantea problemas, como una repetibilidad deficiente y una evaluación incompleta de la superficie con respecto a la adherencia, la limpieza, la rugosidad y la homogeneidad.
In practical applications, we need to understand how easily a liquid spreads (advancing angle) and how easily it is removed (receding angle), such as in painting and cleaning. Measuring advancing and receding angles offers a holistic view of liquid-solid interaction, unlike static measurements, which yield an arbitrary value within the range.
Esta información es crucial para las superficies del mundo real con variaciones, rugosidad y dinámica, lo que ayuda a industrias como la cosmética, la ciencia de los materiales y la biotecnología a diseñar superficies efectivas y optimizar los procesos.
Aprenda cómo se realiza la medición del ángulo de contacto en nuestro tensiómetro
Para una comprensión más completa de la medición del ángulo de contacto, lea nuestra medición del ángulo de contacto: la guía definitiva
These reference measurements show how deionized water wets four standard substrates measured with the Droplet Lab Dropometer. Use them as visual and numerical benchmarks when you're checking your own sample preparation, treatments, and chemistry.
Full contact angle and surface energy datasets (including additional liquids and statistics) are available on our dataset hub.
The droplet images above are taken from the same benchmark series as our open dataset. For each substrate and probe liquid we report:
● Advancing and receding contact angles (and hysteresis)
● Derived surface energy (SFE) values based on multi-liquid measurements
● Measurement conditions, uncertainties, and sample preparation details
Comparing your own droplet shapes and angles against these references is a fast way to spot contamination, treatment drift, or unexpected changes in wettability.
Esta propiedad mide la fuerza que actúa sobre la superficie de un líquido, con el objetivo de minimizar su superficie.
Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer
Tensión superficial dinámica
La tensión superficial dinámica difiere de la tensión superficial estática, que se refiere a la energía superficial por unidad de área (o fuerza que actúa por unidad de longitud a lo largo del borde de una superficie líquida).
La tensión superficial estática caracteriza el estado de equilibrio de la interfaz líquida, mientras que la tensión superficial dinámica explica la cinética de los cambios en la interfaz. Estos cambios podrían implicar la presencia de tensioactivos, aditivos o variaciones en la temperatura, la presión y la composición en la interfaz.
Cuándo utilizar la medición dinámica de la tensión superficial
Dynamic surface tension is essential for processes that involve rapid changes at the liquid-gas or liquid-liquid interface, such as droplet and bubble formation, coalescence (change in surface area), the behavior of foams, and the drying of paints (change in composition, e.g., evaporation of solvent). It is measured by analyzing the shape of a hanging droplet over time.
La tensión superficial dinámica se aplica a diversas industrias, incluidas las cosméticas, los recubrimientos, los productos farmacéuticos, la pintura, los alimentos y las bebidas, y los procesos industriales, donde la comprensión y el control del comportamiento de las interfaces líquidas son esenciales para la calidad del producto y la eficiencia del proceso.
Aprenda cómo se realiza la medición de la tensión superficial en nuestro tensiómetro
Para una comprensión más completa de la medición de la energía superficial, lea nuestra medición de la tensión superficial: la guía definitiva
Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer
Aprenda cómo se realiza la medición de la energía superficial en nuestro tensiómetro
Para una comprensión más completa de la medición de la energía superficial, lea nuestra medición de la energía superficial: la guía definitiva
For benchmark contact angle and surface energy values on glass, nylon, PMMA, and Teflon, see the Open Benchmark Data panel above or visit our Dataset Hub for full CSV downloads.
El ángulo de deslizamiento mide el ángulo en el que una película líquida se desliza sobre una superficie sólida. Se emplea comúnmente para evaluar la resistencia al deslizamiento de una superficie.
Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer
Aprenda cómo se realiza la medición del ángulo de deslizamiento en nuestro tensiómetro
Para una comprensión más completa de la medición del ángulo de deslizamiento, lea nuestra medición del ángulo de deslizamiento: la guía definitiva
Within the Construction industry, several case studies exemplify the advantages of conducting surface property measurements.
Desafiar : Dust and pollution accumulated on the solar panels of a commercial building, reducing their energy generation efficiency.
Solución : Applying a hydrophobic and oleophobic coating to the solar panels increased the contact angle, causing rainwater to bead up and carry away dust and pollutants. This self-cleaning effect improved energy generation efficiency and reduced maintenance costs.
Desafiar : Water leakage in an underground parking structure was causing vehicle damage and structural deterioration.
Solución : A waterproofing membrane with low surface tension was applied to the concrete surfaces. This membrane provided effective water repellency, preventing water infiltration and preserving the integrity of the parking structure while protecting the vehicles.
Desafiar : Slippery pedestrian walkways in a shopping mall led to slip and fall accidents during rainy weather.
Solución : The mall management installed textured, slip-resistant tiles with superhydrophobic surfaces. These tiles, characterized by a water static contact angle above 150° and a sliding angle below 10°, provided better traction even when wet, significantly reducing slip and fall incidents. This increased safety for shoppers and employees and decreased the mall's liability for accidents.
Desafiar : Engineers faced adhesion problems between the steel and concrete components in a steel-concrete composite structure due to incompatible surface energies.
Solución : The engineering team applied a bonding agent to the steel beams to modify their surface energy. This agent enhanced compatibility between the steel and concrete, resulting in a robust bond. The composite structure exhibited improved load-bearing capacity and durability, ensuring the building's safety and longevity.
Desafiar : An automotive assembly plant experienced paint adhesion problems on metal components, leading to defects and reduced vehicle durability.
Solución : The engineering team improved paint adhesion by selecting a suitable metal pretreatment process. They tested various processes and chose plasma cleaning, which had the lowest surface tension. This solution ensured a durable, long-lasting finish on the vehicles.
Si está interesado en implementar estas u otras aplicaciones, póngase en contacto con nosotros.
In an industry where precision reigns supreme, how can Construction manufacturers ensure their products withstand scrutiny? The answer lies in standards and guidelines: the compass that guides them through the complex maze of quality and performance.
European standard method to determine a solid surface’s wettability and surface free energy (or critical surface tension) by measuring static contact angles of one or more probe liquids on a plane test surface. The resulting metrics support predictions of adhesive wet-out and help characterize surfaces before pretreatment, coating, or bonding.
Use contact angle + surface free energy to quickly flag low-wet-out substrates (metals, plastics, glass, coated parts) before you spend time on full lap-shear/peel trials.
Use repeatable, multi-liquid measurements to detect contamination, treatment drift (plasma/corona/flame/primer), and surface aging/recovery that can drive adhesion failures.
Note: EN 828 tells you how to measure and calculate wettability/SFE, but it does not define universal “good bonding” thresholds—your limits must be calibrated to your adhesive + substrate + pretreatment and validated against bond tests. Roughness and chemical non-uniformity can bias static angles, so consistent surface prep, replication, and drop-quality QC are essential.
We hope this guide showed you how to apply surface science in the Construction industry.
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